Sears list of subject Heading

Sears list of subject Heading

· Introduction:-
Library of congress list was considered to be suitable for large libraries. Because it does not fulfilled the needs of small & medium sized libraries. In order to serve the needs of small & medium sized libraries, Mini Earl Sears developed a new list called “list of subject headings of small libraries”. While developing this list sears followed the general principles with certain changes that lie in structure and format compared to congress list.

· Propose of subject heading
Subject is the theme or topic treated in a book, filmstrip or other books.
Subject heading is the word used in library catalogue to express the particular subject or topic. Subject entry is very important supplement in library because it may enable the reader or librarian to find books very quickly. Ordinarily user consults the author entry for specific work but if there is uncertainty about the authors name than user may find individual book more rapidly under subject entry.

· Uniformity
One uniform term must be selected from several synonyms and this term must be applied consistently to all works on the topic. For example: when variant spellings are in use user must select one spelling from variant spells and uniformly applied. Example: rhyme not rime, colour not color, labour not labor.

· Common usage
The words used to express a subject must represent a common usage
For example: IN American libraries American spellings are used. In order to achieve uniformity in all over place common English language should be used instead of americcan English. For example: colour not color, elevator not life.
A general rule is there to use a popular or common name rather than scientific or technical name because a reader in small public library will look for books under heading Birds not Ornithology or Cancer not carcinoma.

· Form Headings
Form headings have the same appearance as regular subject headings but they refer to literary or artistic form of work and not to its subject matter.
For example: Essays is used not for works of an individual author but for collections of essays by authors of different nationalities. If the collection includes essays only by American authors, then more specific heading “American essays” would be used.

· Classification and Subject Heading
Classification system determines the arrangement of works on shelves and grouping of material on one subject, an item obviously stand in only one place, but in catalogue card an item can appear are than one subject.
For example: A book such as “Guide to the trees” is specifically covered by subject heading Trees. Frequently two are necessary as in the title “Field book of American trees and shrubs” to which user should assign both trees and shrubs. Occasionally 3 cards can be used by user to cover the topic. But if a work treats of more than 3 cards then the larger inclusive heading is adopted and specific headings are omitted.
For example: A work about lemons and lime would be entered under “lemon” and “lime”.
If the work also included material on “oranges” then the third card with heading “orange” would be made for catalogue. But if the work discusses citrus fruits as well, the subject heading assigned would be “citrus fruits”.

Grammer of subject heading
Ø Single noun
The simplest form of subject heading consists of a single noun. Such terms are not only the simplest in form but also easy to understand. Most of large fields of knowledge can be expressed by single words for example : art, religion etc. but many words have synonyms from which a choice has to be made. Frequently a word may have two or more different meanings.
For example : “Pottery” other words might be used are “Crockery”

Ø Compound Heading
Compound heading can be used by joining “and” when user wants to link two topics under one heading. Usually two nouns are grouped together under one heading and which is treated together in books.
For example: cities and towns
Two different subjects can also be treated under one heading. For example:religion and science.
Two subject which are deadly opposite can also be discussed together by giving one heading. For example: good and evil, joy and sorrow.

Ø Adjective with noun
Specific subject or topic can be easily expressed by giving the noun with adjective.
For example: electric engineering, American literature.
Sometimes the expression is inverted because an assumption is made that the reader will think first of noun and next adjective.
For example : (1) Education, Elementary
(2) Education, Higher

Here Education is Noun
And elementary is adjective

Ø Phrase heading
Some subject concepts which involve two areas of knowledge can be expressed only by more or less complex phrases.
1) Information storage and retrieval system
2) Geographic distribution of animals and plants

· Subdivisions
The principles of specific entry can be achieved in some cases only by subdividing a general subject by words or phrases which indicates special aspects.

There are four types of subdivisions
Subdivisions by physical form
Some materials of a subject will not be in a narrative form.
For example: geographic maps, lists, outline. The work may be directory of chemists, collection of geological maps…etc.
For the above materials the heading given to the card would be
CHEMISTS ---- DIRECTORIES
GEOLOGY ---- MAPS

Ø Subdivisions that show no comprehensive treatment
Some works may be literary in composition and general in subject are not extensive in scope. Yearbooks on a subject, periodicals, laboratory guides are some examples. Therefore subject heading given to the catalogue card would be
CHEMISTRY --- LABORATORY GUIDES
COMMERCE --- YEARBOOKS
ENGENEERING --- PERIODICALS

Ø Subdivisions that show special aspects
A general subject may be presented from a particular point of view. The work may be history of subject or it may deal with philosophy of subjects these concepts applied to general subjects are expressed by such headings are
RELIGION --- PHILOSOPHY
EDUCATION --- HISTORY

Ø SUBDIVISIONS THAT SHOW CHRONOLGY
In any catalogue, there will be many works on American history. If they are all entered.
Under general heading, the library pattern must look through many cards to find specific era. However, with chronological subdivisions corresponding to generally accepted periods of country’s history or to the spans of time most frequently treated in materials a search can be narrowed. For example: U.S --- HISTORY --- 1456 ---- 1956 A.D.

· Geographic names
Many works limit the discussion of an otherwise general subject to specific country, state or others.

Ø Subject subdivided by place
Various subject headings especially in the field of science, technology and economics can be subdivided under heading geographic area.
For example: if the subject is in the field of art or music, then the wording varies slightly since we think of Spanish art (rather than art in spain).
Like wise German music (rather than music in Germany).

Ø Names of places subdivided by subject:-
In works discussing the history of California, census of Peru, population of paris etc. Here area is treated as unique factor and its name is the most specific heading for work with the particular subject as subdivision.
For example:
CALIFORNIA --- HISTORY
PERU --- CENSUS
PARIS --- POPULATION

· CONCLUSION:-
Sears list was introduced by keeping in mine of small & medium size libraries. But sears list is not based on a body of principles. No attempt has been made to apply the latest theory of subject headings. Thus these contain large number of headings based on arbitrary decisions. Sears list had set a very high standard. However, great care has to be taken to apply them to achieve the best result. Although the lists are based on logical and pragmatic consideration, still they cannot be accepted completely by all libraries because each library should chalk out policy of its own, taking into consideration the size of collection, and needs of users. In sears list of subject heading general practices have to be developed on the basis of experience, because thee is a need for a code of practice, which should be acceptable to all cataloguers. Perhaps it is the result of lack of agreement that such a manual has not appeared so far.

Sears list of subject Heading

Sears list of subject Heading

· Introduction:-
Library of congress list was considered to be suitable for large libraries. Because it does not fulfilled the needs of small & medium sized libraries. In order to serve the needs of small & medium sized libraries, Mini Earl Sears developed a new list called “list of subject headings of small libraries”. While developing this list sears followed the general principles with certain changes that lie in structure and format compared to congress list.

· Propose of subject heading
Subject is the theme or topic treated in a book, filmstrip or other books.
Subject heading is the word used in library catalogue to express the particular subject or topic. Subject entry is very important supplement in library because it may enable the reader or librarian to find books very quickly. Ordinarily user consults the author entry for specific work but if there is uncertainty about the authors name than user may find individual book more rapidly under subject entry.

· Uniformity
One uniform term must be selected from several synonyms and this term must be applied consistently to all works on the topic. For example: when variant spellings are in use user must select one spelling from variant spells and uniformly applied. Example: rhyme not rime, colour not color, labour not labor.

· Common usage
The words used to express a subject must represent a common usage
For example: IN American libraries American spellings are used. In order to achieve uniformity in all over place common English language should be used instead of americcan English. For example: colour not color, elevator not life.
A general rule is there to use a popular or common name rather than scientific or technical name because a reader in small public library will look for books under heading Birds not Ornithology or Cancer not carcinoma.

· Form Headings
Form headings have the same appearance as regular subject headings but they refer to literary or artistic form of work and not to its subject matter.
For example: Essays is used not for works of an individual author but for collections of essays by authors of different nationalities. If the collection includes essays only by American authors, then more specific heading “American essays” would be used.

· Classification and Subject Heading
Classification system determines the arrangement of works on shelves and grouping of material on one subject, an item obviously stand in only one place, but in catalogue card an item can appear are than one subject.
For example: A book such as “Guide to the trees” is specifically covered by subject heading Trees. Frequently two are necessary as in the title “Field book of American trees and shrubs” to which user should assign both trees and shrubs. Occasionally 3 cards can be used by user to cover the topic. But if a work treats of more than 3 cards then the larger inclusive heading is adopted and specific headings are omitted.
For example: A work about lemons and lime would be entered under “lemon” and “lime”.
If the work also included material on “oranges” then the third card with heading “orange” would be made for catalogue. But if the work discusses citrus fruits as well, the subject heading assigned would be “citrus fruits”.

Grammer of subject heading
Ø Single noun
The simplest form of subject heading consists of a single noun. Such terms are not only the simplest in form but also easy to understand. Most of large fields of knowledge can be expressed by single words for example : art, religion etc. but many words have synonyms from which a choice has to be made. Frequently a word may have two or more different meanings.
For example : “Pottery” other words might be used are “Crockery”

Ø Compound Heading
Compound heading can be used by joining “and” when user wants to link two topics under one heading. Usually two nouns are grouped together under one heading and which is treated together in books.
For example: cities and towns
Two different subjects can also be treated under one heading. For example:religion and science.
Two subject which are deadly opposite can also be discussed together by giving one heading. For example: good and evil, joy and sorrow.

Ø Adjective with noun
Specific subject or topic can be easily expressed by giving the noun with adjective.
For example: electric engineering, American literature.
Sometimes the expression is inverted because an assumption is made that the reader will think first of noun and next adjective.
For example : (1) Education, Elementary
(2) Education, Higher

Here Education is Noun
And elementary is adjective

Ø Phrase heading
Some subject concepts which involve two areas of knowledge can be expressed only by more or less complex phrases.
1) Information storage and retrieval system
2) Geographic distribution of animals and plants

· Subdivisions
The principles of specific entry can be achieved in some cases only by subdividing a general subject by words or phrases which indicates special aspects.

There are four types of subdivisions
Subdivisions by physical form
Some materials of a subject will not be in a narrative form.
For example: geographic maps, lists, outline. The work may be directory of chemists, collection of geological maps…etc.
For the above materials the heading given to the card would be
CHEMISTS ---- DIRECTORIES
GEOLOGY ---- MAPS

Ø Subdivisions that show no comprehensive treatment
Some works may be literary in composition and general in subject are not extensive in scope. Yearbooks on a subject, periodicals, laboratory guides are some examples. Therefore subject heading given to the catalogue card would be
CHEMISTRY --- LABORATORY GUIDES
COMMERCE --- YEARBOOKS
ENGENEERING --- PERIODICALS

Ø Subdivisions that show special aspects
A general subject may be presented from a particular point of view. The work may be history of subject or it may deal with philosophy of subjects these concepts applied to general subjects are expressed by such headings are
RELIGION --- PHILOSOPHY
EDUCATION --- HISTORY

Ø SUBDIVISIONS THAT SHOW CHRONOLGY
In any catalogue, there will be many works on American history. If they are all entered.
Under general heading, the library pattern must look through many cards to find specific era. However, with chronological subdivisions corresponding to generally accepted periods of country’s history or to the spans of time most frequently treated in materials a search can be narrowed. For example: U.S --- HISTORY --- 1456 ---- 1956 A.D.

· Geographic names
Many works limit the discussion of an otherwise general subject to specific country, state or others.

Ø Subject subdivided by place
Various subject headings especially in the field of science, technology and economics can be subdivided under heading geographic area.
For example: if the subject is in the field of art or music, then the wording varies slightly since we think of Spanish art (rather than art in spain).
Like wise German music (rather than music in Germany).

Ø Names of places subdivided by subject:-
In works discussing the history of California, census of Peru, population of paris etc. Here area is treated as unique factor and its name is the most specific heading for work with the particular subject as subdivision.
For example:
CALIFORNIA --- HISTORY
PERU --- CENSUS
PARIS --- POPULATION

· CONCLUSION:-
Sears list was introduced by keeping in mine of small & medium size libraries. But sears list is not based on a body of principles. No attempt has been made to apply the latest theory of subject headings. Thus these contain large number of headings based on arbitrary decisions. Sears list had set a very high standard. However, great care has to be taken to apply them to achieve the best result. Although the lists are based on logical and pragmatic consideration, still they cannot be accepted completely by all libraries because each library should chalk out policy of its own, taking into consideration the size of collection, and needs of users. In sears list of subject heading general practices have to be developed on the basis of experience, because thee is a need for a code of practice, which should be acceptable to all cataloguers. Perhaps it is the result of lack of agreement that such a manual has not appeared so far.

Comparison of the Information Retrieval System with the Google website.

Comparison of the Information Retrieval System with the Google website.
When seeing the model of simple flow of information retrieval system along with the Google website. First we compare the population of documents with the number of websites carrying information all over the world. In the next stage the selected documents are those which we want to select whichever is most easier and most informative carrying with information. In this stage the websites will be indexed first according to their addresses and then it will be compared and analyzed the information which one has came to first and which one came in the last.
The Database of documents representation is the Google website. In this the needy of information will collect the information through the Google website.
From the point of view in taking into account of the user the requests whichever he wants the information. For Ex: We want information on the Information Retrieval System. This will consider as query. In the next stage it will compared the query with the information it had. And then it will give the results in the form of valued information that information will satisfied the user or not but it gives the information. If the user will satisfied with those information the procedure will stopped. If he not satisfied the procedure of retrieving the information will continued by changing the query or information need. This procedure will continued upto the user satisfied with the information.

CANON OF EXCLUSIVENESS

CANON OF EXCLUSIVENESS
The classes in an array of class and the ranked isolates in an array of ranked isolates should be mutually exclusive.

According to this Canon, no entity comprised in the immediate universe can belong to more than one class of the array. In other words, no two classes of the array can overlap or have an entity in common. To secure this, the classes of an array should be derived from its immediate universe on the basis of one and only one characteristic.

2. Universe of Professors

Faulty method of forming an array without adhering to a single characteristic is illustrated by dividing the Universe of Professors into the array comprising the class “Chemists”, “Zoologists”, “English Literature Specialist”, “Religion Specialist”, and “Lawyers”, etc. the earlier set of classes are formed by using their respective Subject of Specialization as the characteristic. The latter classes are formed on the basis of their respective Rhetorical Abilities as the characteristic. Obviously, each professor will fall into two classes of the array so formed, and thus the Canon will be violated.




4. Formation by Succession of Characteristics
It is possible to arrange also as follows by using the two characteristics in succession.

5. Formation of a Single Array
The six arrays in the diagram can be coalesced together into a single Array as shown in the next section. The coalesced Array will have in it all the 23 classes in the diagram. The Coalesced Array and the Original Universe may be represented as shown in the next page. For convenience of printing the diagram has been turned through a right angle.



6. Coalesced Array

Array formed by putting in succession in a single array the various arrays formed at any stage in the progressive classification, the succession of the arrays being such that the classes fall in filiatory sequences.
A Coalesced Array is the Scheme of classes formed at the stage of the coalescence of the arrays.
All the classes at the stage of formation of Coalesced Array will be included in it.



Bibliography
Ranganathan,S.R. 1989. Prologemena to library classification. Bangalore: Sharada ranganathan endowment for library science.

meaning full sayings

Read Each One Carefully and Think About It a Second or Two 1. I love you not because of who you are, but because of who I am when I am with you. 2. No man or woman is worth your tears, and the one who is, won't make you cry. 3. Just because someone doesn't love you the way you want them to, doesn't mean they don't love you with all they have. 4. A true friend is someone who reaches for your hand and touches your heart. 5. The worst way to miss someone is to be sitting right beside them knowing you can't have them. 6. Never frown, even when you are sad, because you never know who is falling in love with your smile. 7. To the world you may be one person, but to one person you may be the world. 8. Don't waste your time on a man/woman, who isn't willing to waste their time on you. 9. Maybe God wants us to meet a few wrong people before meeting the right one, so that when we finally meet the person, we will know how to be grateful. 10. Don't cry because it is over, smile because it happened. 11. There's always going to be people that hurt you so what you have to do is keep on trusting and just be more careful about who you trust next time around. 12. Make yourself a better person and know who you are before you try and know someone else and expect them to know you. 13. Don't try so hard, the best things come when you least expect them to. keep in touch:harishgowda

meaning full sayings

Hello Friends.......


Good afternoon 2 one and all

hi friends

india played a good batting 2day. have a nioce day







keep in touch:harishgowda

meaning full sayings

Read Each One Carefully and Think About It a Second or Two 1. I love you not because of who you are, but because of who I am when I am with you. 2. No man or woman is worth your tears, and the one who is, won't make you cry. 3. Just because someone doesn't love you the way you want them to, doesn't mean they don't love you with all they have. 4. A true friend is someone who reaches for your hand and touches your heart. 5. The worst way to miss someone is to be sitting right beside them knowing you can't have them. 6. Never frown, even when you are sad, because you never know who is falling in love with your smile. 7. To the world you may be one person, but to one person you may be the world. 8. Don't waste your time on a man/woman, who isn't willing to waste their time on you. 9. Maybe God wants us to meet a few wrong people before meeting the right one, so that when we finally meet the person, we will know how to be grateful. 10. Don't cry because it is over, smile because it happened. 11. There's always going to be people that hurt you so what you have to do is keep on trusting and just be more careful about who you trust next time around. 12. Make yourself a better person and know who you are before you try and know someone else and expect them to know you. 13. Don't try so hard, the best things come when you least expect them to.

HAPPY RAMJAAN

I wish you happy ramjan to one and all fineday for me. Today enjoyed a lot with my friends today I had a good sleep because today tiered very much.